Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging modality for the treatment of a variety of oncological, cardiovascular, dermatological, and ophthalmic diseases. PDT is based on the concept that light-sensitive species or photosensitizers can be preferentially localized in tumor tissues upon systemic administration. When such photosensitizers are irradiated with an appropriate wavelength of light, the excited molecules can transfer their energy to molecular oxygen in the surroundings, which is normally in its triplet ground state. This results in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen (1O2) or free radicals. ROS are responsible for oxidizing various cellular compartments including plasma, mitochondria, lysosomal, and nuclear membranes, etc., resulting in irreversib...
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